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Food Chemistry, Volume 77, Issue 4, June 2002, Pages 511-515 |
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Quantitative analysis of -pinene and -myrcene in mastic gum oil using FT-Raman spectroscopy |
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D. Daferera, C. Pappas, P. A. Tarantilis and M. Polissiou |
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Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 118 55 Athens, Greece |
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Abstract
-Pinene and -myrcene are compounds that are contained in mastic gum in high concentrations. The -myrcene percentage determines the marketability of mastic gums. The chemical composition of mastic gum oil of a representative resin quality was evaluated by gas chromatography¯mass spectrometry (GC¯MS) technique. FT-Raman spectroscopy, based on band intensity measurements, was used for the determination of -pinene and -myrcene content in mastic gum. Bands at 1658 and 1633 cm-1 were used for the calibration of -pinene and -myrcene, respectively. Calibration curves were linear (correlation coefficient for -pinene was 0.992 and 0.997 for -myrcene) in the range 30¯80 and 3¯45%, respectively. Normalization of calibration curves, against the 802 cm-1 cyclohexane band, minimized the effect of laser beam power fluctuations. The proposed method is rapid and simple. Accordingly, mastic gum oils from Chios island (Greece) contained 38.1¯69.5% -pinene and 4.5¯57.9% -myrcene. |
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Agricoltura Mediterranea Vol. 4, 1996 |
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Soil Characteristics And Nutritional Survey Of The Mastic Tree (Pistacia Lentiscus, Var Chia) On The Island Of Chios In Greece |
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S.P. Theocharopoulos1, M. Karayianni-Christou1, A. Trikatsoula1, T. Nikolaou1, S. Aggelides2 |
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1N.AG.RE.F., Soil Science Institute of Athens, Lycovrissi, Greece;
2Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera odos, 11855 Athens, Greece. |
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Summary
The soils on which the mastic trees are grown were studied and a Nutritional Survey of mastic trees was carried out for two years in the southern part of the Greek island of Chios, where this tree exclusively grows and where mastic gum is produced. Soil and leaf samples from twenty representative fields, with the two mastic tree clones Mauroschinos and Choraphlitis, were analysed for two successive years in July. Soils are shallow to deep, fine textured and mostly calcareous. The nutrient concentration in the leaves from different fields and for both clones did not present significant variations from location to location due to the fact that the deeper soil horizons, where the root system is developed, have about the same nutrient supply power. Significant differences, between clones, were found in the leaf concentrations for N, Ca and Mn but not for K, P, Zn and Mg.The average reference concentrations of nutrients in the leaves, in the month of July, in Mauroschinos were: N: 1.45%, P: 0.068%, K: 0.98%, Ca: 1.08%, Mg: 0.24%, Mn: 23 ppm and Zn: 10.9 ppm, while in Choraphlitis it was: N: 1.37%, P: 0.071%, K: 1.035%, Ca: 1.14%, Mg: 0.23%, Mn: 21 ppm and Zn: 11.04 ppm.
Key words:
Pistacia Lentiscus var. Chia, Nutritional Survey N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn leaf concentrations, soil characteristics. |
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3. |
Planta Med 2008; 74: p. 297 |
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Application of chiral GC-MS analysis in the detection of natural products adulteration – The example of Chios mastic gum essential oil |
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Paraschos S, Magiatis P, Skaltsounis AL |
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Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens |
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Summary
The enantiomeric ratio of volatile compounds is characteristic in each essential oil, but it cannot be determined by usual capillary GCMS ana-lysis. The essential oil of Pistacia lentiscus var. chia L. (Anacardiaceae), mastic oil, is a valuable product. The case of dietary and cosmetic pro-ducts containing mastic oil is of great importance, due to the well-es-tablished biological activities of mastic and mastic oil [1,2], the signify-cance of mastic gum for greek economy and the increasing international interest for such products. Numerous commercial items with a claim of mastic oil content but without certification are found in the market. In order to detect possible adulteration of this type, a method based on the separation of chiral constituents and the determination of their ratio by chiral GCMS analysis has been developed. Samples of cosmetic products (shampoos, showers gels, hand and body creams, toothpastes, soaps) and dietary products (chewing gums) from different companies were extracted with n-hexane for the retrieval of the volatile compounds and the extracts were analyzed by chiral GCMS. The results were com-pared with those of the analysis of 30 original mastic oil samples sup-plied by the Chios Mastic Gum Growers Association, as well as comer-cial mastic oils marketed by other companies. The main discriminating factor was found to be the (+)/(-) a-pinene ratio, which should be less than 99:1, as determined by original mastic oil analysis. Several com-mercial samples were found to contain much higher proportions of (-) a-pinene, an indication that commercial racemic a-pinene was used for the adulteration of the product. The use of this method to determine such type of adulterations can be helpful in establishing quality and originality in natural product commercial use. Acknowledgement: Chios Mastic Gum Growers Association. References: 1.Magiatis,P. et al (1999) Planta Med 65:749–751. 2.Paraschos, S. et al (2007) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51:551 – 559.
This paper is part of the 03ED375 research project, implemented within the framework of the “Reinforcement Programme of Human Research Manpower” (PENED) and co-financed by National and Community Funds (25% from the Greek Ministry of Development-General Secretariat of Research and Technology and 75% from E.U.-European Social Fund).
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